Comparison of Gini coefficient

Question: Talk about the Comparison of Gini coefficient. Answer: Presentation: As per World Bank, Gini coefficient is the pointer of scattering of salary circulation among family units from a completely equivalent conveyance (oecd.org, 2016). The pay Gini coefficient of OECD nations is given beneath: Gini Coefficient list during 2014 New Zealand 0.333 US 0.394 Joined Kingdom 0.358 Switzerland 0.295 Ireland 0.244 Turkey 0.393 Australia 0.337 Chile 0.465 Table 1: Gini coefficient list (Source: oecd.org, 2016) As expressed by Fyers Kirk (2015), Gini coefficient near zero shows less disparity among individuals of various salary circulation in an economy. Then again, the worth near 1 demonstrates high imbalance and less human improvement in the economy. High disparity demonstrates hole among high and low pay bunch is more extensive and low salary bunch individuals are barred from financial offices. The above table shows that pay disparity in New Zealand is short of what US and UK. Nonetheless, salary disparity is most reduced in Ireland among the OECD nations. It tends to be deduced that financial strategies have been actualized in a superior manner in Ireland in contrast with New Zealand. Monetary development and advancement of mechanical and administration division are significant components that guarantee pay conveyance. Contrasts in riches are likewise reason for contrasts in pay appropriation. Contrasts in government strategies with respect to compensations, charges and other advancement approaches, human capital arrangement, industrialisation are purposes behind contrasts in Gini coefficient across nations. Advancement of little industry in New Zealand contrasted with the enormous ventures is one reason that credits to the disparities in the economy and rising Gini coefficient in this nation (inequality.org.nz, 2016). References Fyers, A. Kirk, S. (2015). Pay imbalance: How NZ is one of the most exceedingly terrible on the planet. stuff.co.nz. Recovered 2 January 2017, from https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/governmental issues/68600911/pay imbalance how-nz-is-one-of-the-most noticeably awful on the planet inequality.org.nz. (2016). Get imbalance. Recovered 2 January 2017, from https://www.inequality.org.nz/comprehend/#!prettyPhoto oecd.org (2016) OECD Income Distribution Database (IDD): Gini, destitution, pay, Methods and Concepts. Recovered 2 January 2017, from https://www.oecd.org/social/pay dissemination database.htm

Latino Narrative film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Latino Narrative film - Essay Example The 2002 film Frida, coordinated by Julie Taymor, centers around this transformational part of Kahlo’s character while it drenches the watcher into the universe of Frida’s love, inventiveness, marriage, energy and contempt. With Salma Hayek as Frida Kahlo in Frida, we step into the biography of the now world renowned painter Kahlo. Her life is by all accounts a succession of intense decisions and an all out test. When experiencing polio as a child, Kahlo figured out how to recuperate from this devastating illness just to wind up seriously harmed in an auto collision, which left her genuinely incapacitated for an incredible remainder. As she begins painting, Kahlo causes herself to get together the entirety of her determination to settle on this dynamic life position instead of, out of commission, simply hang tight for the demise coming. She experiences two volcanic yet masterfully rousing union with the prestigious Mexican craftsman Diego Rivera (Alfred Molina). The film shows how all through for her entire life evolving decisions, Frida Kahlo figures out how to be â€Å"never ordinary about anything she does†, to be â€Å"always herself† however it is frequently difficult (â€Å"Frida Mo vie†). The initial succession begins with the hero being completed in incapacitated of her home. It at that point changes to Kahlo’s years at secondary school and the cataclysmic mishap the champion endures exactly at 18. Frida gets penetrated by a metal post when a trolley and the transport that she is riding impact. The wounds that Frida gets leave her crippled for a mind-blowing remainder, with the goal that she proceeds onward props, in wheelchairs, or remains in her bed. While she is bound to her bed with the broke back, Frida’s father carries her canvas to assist her with recovering from the mishap. From that time on, Frida paints. Taking up painting is presumably one of her most sensational groundbreaking decisions. My conclusion can be clarified by the way that Frida’s works, as it is distinctively appeared in the film, are consistently along her life occasions. Whatever the surrealist specialists experiences,

Somebody Else

Somebody Else And now for something completely different. Sam is allowing me (Ruth 07) to write a guest blog entry. It might not make for the best guest spot of all time, but I did lift the title of an obscure yet underrated song for the entry title. As the most Humanities-oriented student at MIT, having just wrapped up an STS UROP, now contemplating a second major of Urban Planning, having declared a HASS concentration in Economics, and continuing to tell the world that Political Science at MIT is ranked 10th in the country, its about time I was allowed to blog. Read on to learn of my harrowing adventures tutoring writing for the Media And Technology Charter High School and working in MITs Lewis Music Library. Also, juicy details on what its like living next to Sam Maurer for a summer, as told by his surrogate Mitra. First things first, Sams only letting me write this so I can talk about the MATCH school. Its one of the many Community Service jobs available to MIT students. Its probably the best paying, though. Last summer, when I hugged squirrels for Keep Covington-Newton Beautiful, I learned that Federal Work Study means the Fed forks over 75% of the students pay for community service-type jobs. This is important for some jobs. I may be the only person who enjoys paint recycling jobs (did I mention Im anosmic?). But other jobs, like the MATCH school, dont have hazardous conditions or oppressive heat. The high pay good conditions combination leads to a plesant work environment, high competition for job placement, and high retention rate among tutors between summers. The schools mission is to prepare its students, that arrive a few grades behind, for a 100% college graduation rate. So for four hours, four days a week, for five weeks, MIT, BU, and Wellesley students tutor incoming freshmen in math and English to begin catching them up. Most people do this I teach rising sophomores in writing. Let me tell you, for those that havent read The Color of Water, itll make 200 pages of Veto Bargaining a piece of cake when you take 17.20 Introduction to the American Political Process. Seriously though, its really fun to take some of your own enthusiasm for learning and force it upon younger people. It kind of reminds you why youre here at MIT in the first place. In my case, having returning MATCH students is really nice, too, because theyre already indoctrinated to the discipline and dress code, and they behave so very well. Ive got the sweetest kids, ever. And Ive been responsible for quite a few children in my day. Ok, thats the boys side of camp, but that cabin greatly resembles one I stayed in for a few summers during high school with 4H. Moving on I mentioned that MATCH has a good retention rate among tutors. Returning tutors are invited to be team leaders. The team thing is important to explain, too. The school has lots of ways to motivate its students, so they pit the tutors against each other in a Harry Potteresque competition. You earn and lose points for your team based on your tardiness, originality, enthusiasm, and general ability to suck up to the program coordinators. Speaking of sycophancy, Jon 06 is a lead tutor for the MATCH school this summer, and the second person I met at MIT. That was way back in Fall 2002, before the Admissions page told you anything useful, except how to be a hosted prefrosh. Jon and my host lived on Conner 2, and enlisted me to help with their Freshmen Dinner and Apple Bake. Those were good times. 10s that are reading this, you should seriously considering visiting MIT in the fall. Ok, moving on. After the two tutoring sessions, we have tutor meetings and discussions, and then Im off to my second job in the Lewis Music Library. This is my desk: [] People will tell you that the sweetest (cushiest) jobs at MIT are working desk in your dorm. Secondary to working for Admissions, of course. The basic idea is that youre sitting down, theres not a lot of physical labor, and a wide range of highly interesting people stop by for you to conversate with. Theres only so many desks to work, so those tend to get filled up fast. Something not many people think about though, is the libraries. MIT has tons, all with their own desks and cushiness and conversations. I chose the Music library for its awesome architecture and offbeat subject matter. Offbeat at MIT just means not science. Theres only so much engineering a person can take, but I have a high tolerance for music. I dont know as much about Maria Callas and Tchaikovsky as I should, though I did spell Tchaikovsky just now without dictionary.com. I am comfortable making recommendations in the Pop collection, and weve got 13,000 CDs, so I cant be expected to know them all, anyway. And 70-something thousand scores. And a bajillion books. And 5 iPods, but those arent ready for circulation yet. This is my favorite Opera CD. So, life with Sam. Thats actually a picture from last summer. Sam, Beckett 05, Moria 05, myself, and Morias blueberry tart 04 went to Boston Common for a picnic and A Midsummer Nights Dream. As you can see, Moria is an excellent chef. Unfortunately, shes in Michigan. But without Moria, we will carry on and see Hamlet in the Common tonight. You see folks, Sam feels a duty to you, his stalkers, to do interesting things to blog about. Thats how dedicated he is. Who knows, maybe next week hell take the wrong MBTA bus at midnight and blog about his walk home. Or choreograph a dance to Toxic. Or prepare potatoes in a way that even I will eat. Theres no telling with this kid. Thats it for me, until Admissions gives me my own blog. Until then, Miller Out.

Of Mice And Men Final Assessment - 910 Words

Amulya Parmar Mrs. Mack American Literature A4 September 29, 2014 Of Mice and Men: Final Assessment What truly is the â€Å"American Dream†? Furthermore, during the Great Depression, even the concept of the â€Å"American Dream† was not readily available and was no more than a fallacy at the time. For the 2 protagonists in Of Mice And Men, their dream, like many others, was to â€Å"live off the fatta the land† and become independent. However, this was not such an easy task at the time, not just because of the rough economic times, but because people of that era still had World War 2 still very fresh in their minds, with the harbored hatred and untrust that came along with it. Nevertheless, for the millions who died in the course of the war, this â€Å"American Dream† was not only something worth living for it was something dying for too. However, in the novella Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, the author emphasizes that the dreams and hopes were delusions and has a grim outlook on living life in search of a dream. The author continually exemplifies th e negative effects of dreams and hopes, specifically the â€Å"American Dream† throughout the book. This dream can also be explained by an individual overcoming all obstacles and beating all odds to one day be successful. However, in the setting of Of Mice and Men, it interprets more commonly in relation to owning land, leading a better and richer life, and living an independent lifestyle. Steinbeck uses Of Mice and Men to show how although theShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck: An American Writer During the Great Depression1315 Words   |  6 PagesMillions of workers have been laid off and struggled in poverty on account of the great depression. Refugees and migrant workers traveled around the state, longing for job. Under that historical background, John Steinbeck wrote this novel in 1937. Of Mice and Men is the second novel of his labor trilogy. It is mainly talk about two migrant workers George and Lennie’s working experience in a ranch. They hope to earn a piece of small land and live together happily in that hard time. It is also called theRead MoreOf Mice and Men - Theme of Loneliness1641 Words   |  7 PagesOF Mice and Men - Theme of Loneliness Controlled Assessment - Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men’ is written by John Steinbeck. The novel is set in the 1930s during the great depression in California, America. Loneliness is the consistent theme running through the novel, relating as it does to the other themes namely: broken dreams and prejudice. Steinbeck illustrates through Curleys wife, Candy, and Crooks, three main characters of the novel the great negative effect of lonelinessRead MoreThe Holocaust Of Auschwitz And Buchenwald From 1944-19451633 Words   |  7 Pagestitle of Maus is the real German translation of mouse.   The characters portraying Jews are all mice, which can be taken variously, both are small and weak, in the opinion of Nazi tormentors, as vermin.   The Germans equally described as cats, the ordinary hunters of mice, and animals that are significantly bigger and tougher.   This representation of real-life figures from the Holocaust as cats and mice is used by Spiegelman to represent the connection between Nazi Germany and Europ ean Jews, who wereRead MoreThe Indelible Problem : Mulk Raj Anand And The Plight Of1030 Words   |  5 Pages†¢ Bonaparte,Napoleon.â€Å"Quotes–Softpanorama†. www. softpanorama .org/Skeptics/Quotes/napoleon_quotes.shtml. Aug 1, 2014 †¢ Buffon.www.britannica.com/.../topic/.../Georges-Louis-Leclerc-count-de. †¢ Burns, Roberts. www.shmoop.com †º Literature †º Of Mice and Men †º Analysis †¢ Carter, Clay.â€Å"Best Quotes About Human Nature Vol.1† books.google.co.in/books?id=iMauBAAAQBAJ-2014. †¢ Carter, Jimmy, â€Å"Thinks Hamas is a Legitimate Political Actor ...†www.rightlywired.com/jimmy-carter-thinks-hamas-is-a-legitimate-politicRead MoreSummary of Chapter 15 of Management: Theory and Practice, K. Cole. Isbn: 1 74103 241 51049 Words   |  5 Pagesmanager should have the knowledge to answer these questions and adapt this information to whichever system they may face. This simple goal here is for the reader find answers to these questions throughout the chapter and to engage the reader in a sub assessment. The 2nd part of the introduction is a small scenario of a lower manager that has received information about a new system being implemented. She realizes the changes will be more exciting and better use of resources for the quasi government agencyRead MoreHuman Form Of Prion Disease1521 Words   |  7 Pagesthe sedentary stage, as the patient no longer has the postural stability to sit upright without support at the end of the sedentary stage (Liberski et al., 2012). Ataxia, tremors and dysarthria also advance in the sedentary stage. In the third and final terminal phase, the patient becomes bedridden and incontinent. This often caused the patients of the Fore linguistic group to live in their own feces and urine. Another common symptom evident in the terminal stage is decubitus ulcers. The patient losesRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease1930 Words   |  8 Pagesinterleukin-3 in the the CSF of AD patients. ¹Ã¢  ´ This suggests that interleukin-3 can be a strong candidate for a biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease. Evidence also shows that the treatment of metal ionophores (PBT2, Prana Biotechnology) on transgenic mice resulted in a decrease of AÃŽ ² plaques and PHF tau tangles, which significantly improved learning and memory performance on the Morris water maze. ¹Ã¢  µ A follow up study analysed the proteins associated in the synaptic conditions involved with the PBT2Read MoreEffects Of Obesity On The United States And Worldwide2003 Words   |  9 Pagesreported that high doses of PFOA in rodents did not trigger similar obesogenic effects (Hines 2009, Butenhoff 2004) However, the usefulness of animal data to human health is questioned because of the differences in elimination rates. Monkeys, dogs, mice, and rats have all been found to have substantially shorter elimination half-lives, in the range of hours to days (Olsen 2007). To date, only one study has examined the association between maternal PFC exposure and obesity in adults. Using a cohortRead MoreDual ACC1 / ACC2 Inhibition9209 Words   |  37 Pagesreduced food-intake in mammals,11 making NDY antagonists drug candidates for the treatment of obesity. Various studies with mice have shown that especially the NPY Y1 and NPY Y5 are important targets for treating obesity.13 The treatment of obesity by NPY Y5 antagonism works in two ways. Firstly, it was found that food consumption was lowered by 10% in diet-induced obese mice. Secondly, the chronic treatment with NPY Y5 antagonists inhibited the reduction of the metabolic rate. This indicatedRead MoreAn Investigation of the Gender Gap of Boys Underachieving in Literacy6323 Words   |  26 Pagesimpact the attainment levels of boys, particularly in those who do not read for pleasure. LITERATURE REVIEW In 1993 Ofsted reported that boys do not perform as well in English as girls (cited in Bearne, 2004), and more recently the National Assessment of Education Progress (2009) has found that ‘female students consistently score higher than boys on average in both reading and writing’ (Watson et al., 2010: 356). However this concept is not a new one; researchers for the Gender and Education

Japanese Gardens A Garden Style - 1450 Words

Japanese Gardens is a garden style that originated in Japan with a design elements that in line with the Buddhism belief. Buddhist teaching is symbolized in the different elements are make up the garden as a whole. The specific element that will be focused on in this paper is water, stone, architectural elements of paths, stone lanterns, pagodas and bridges. Buddhism religion was used in the inspiration of all the elements in the Japanese Gardens. The Japanese Garden that used to break down the broad scope of all the different elements is a Japanese Garden. I chose to use a Japanese Garden I have visit multiple times at the Dubuque Arboretum and Botanical Garden here in town. In this garden the all the key elements of the garden used in this garden. In Japanese Gardens, water is one of the basic elements in the water surface of the garden is the basis over which the whole garden composition, it symbolizes the continuous flow of time and life change elements in the garden (5 Japanese Garden Elements). Water is also associated with cleansing and purification in most cultures, even if it does not possess the powerful sacred qualities it does in Japan (Jonas, 5). The One of the specific ways water incorporated through a water basin, which is a circular moss encrusted basin that has the mellowness and refined character and they are placed on the ground among plants and under tall trees, it catches and reflects back the light from above, bringing added life to a dark spotShow MoreRelatedZen Gardens Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesZen Gardens Zen Buddhism began to show up in Japan during the eighth century. It went through various periods of popularity and disregard, but constituted one of the most important influences on Japanese culture. All Buddhist temples include gardens. The first temple gardens evolved from well-groomed landscaping around Shinto shrines. Later, the gates and grounds surrounding Buddhist temples began to use gardens to beautify the temple, similar to the Heian mansion gardensRead MoreArt Of Evoking Nature s Majesty Within A Tight Space1313 Words   |  6 Pages A Japanese garden embodies the art of evoking nature’s majesty within a tight space. Throughout 5th to 8th century Japanese gardens sprung up for ritual purposes. From the late 8th to the 12th century the Japanese gardens started to become more of aesthetic and social piece. These Japanese gardens hold many styles and elements. What make a Japanese garden so special are the natural materials, evoking the beauty of nature on a smaller scale. They’re three types of Japanese gardens the most commonRead MoreJapanese Gardens And The Garden1490 Words   |  6 Pages Japanese Gardens is a garden style that originated in Japan with a design elements that in line with the Buddhist belief. Buddhist teaching is symbolized in the different elements are make up the garden as a whole. Buddhism belief are used in the inspiration of various element through the use of water, stone, and architectural pieces. The specific element that will be focused on in this paper is water, stone, architectural elements. The Japanese Garden that used to break down the broad scopeRead MoreJapanese Gardens And The Garden1589 Words   |  7 PagesJapanese Gardens are a garden style that originated in Japan with design elements that are in line with the Buddhist belief. Buddhist teaching is symbolized in the different elements that make up the garden as a whole. Buddhism belief is used in the inspiration of various elements through the use of water, stone, and architectural pieces. The Japanese Garden that used to break down the broad scope of all the different elements is a Japanese Garden. I chose to use this Japanese Garden as my primaryRead MoreThe Culture Of Japan And Japan1187 Words   |  5 Pagespast. Surprisingly, gardens are something that Japan has been known for as well as they contain many different elements of nature and brings peace around you. One of the last few traditions are the Tea Ceremony which is also called the Way of Tea and a ritual that involves serving green tea around guests which helps bring them more peace of mind. These are just a few of some of the most important aspects and contributions to Japanese culture displaying Architecture, Gardens, and Ceremony s whichRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Bridge Over A Pond Of Water Lilies 1651 Words   |  7 Pagesis being used to symbolize a passage of time. Bridge Over a Pond of Water Lilies and most of Monet’s work can be seen to be influenced by Japanese artwork. Many of his paintings include symbols or ideas that can be related back to Buddhism. In Bridge Over a Pond of Water Lillies specifically, the bridge itself is one of the elements that comes from Japanese artwork and Ukiyo-e prints. The bridge symbolizes a sort of crossing over to the other side, or as previously stated, a passage of time. AnotherRead MoreEssay about Japanese Gardens2462 Words   |  10 PagesJapanese Gardens The role of gardens play a much more important role in Japan than here in the United States. This is due primarily to the fact the Japanese garden embodies native values, cultural beliefs and religious principles. Perhaps this is why there is no one prototype for the Japanese garden, just as there is no one native philosophy or aesthetic. In this way, similar to other forms of Japanese art, landscape design is constantly evolving due to exposure to outside influences, mainlyRead MoreThe Chinese Garden At The Huntington Library1850 Words   |  8 PagesThe Chinese garden at the Huntington Library was an extravagant garden. The Chinese garden included water, rocks, plants, architecture, and arts. The Chinese garden created multiple feelings. The flowers in the garden provided a special feeling to the season. The water creates a feeling of a forever ongoing life and the rocks a neutral balance in the surrounding environment. The arts created a feeling that encourages people to look for the literary, philosophical, and artistic traditions of ChinaRead MoreThe Greene Brothers s Influence And Creation Of A New Style1361 Words   |  6 Pages By 1893, the Greene brothers established their practice in Pasadena. In their earlier works, their styles varied from New England Shingle, Mission, and Dutch revival. Yet, as explained previously, they later became influenced by Japanese architectural styles. Interestingly, their materiality styles also evolved once they became influences by the Arts and Crafts Movement. Given their expertise with woodworking and metal working learned through the Manual Training School, The Greene brothers’s practiceRead MoreModern Landscape Design Is The Arrangement Of Environments For People929 Words   |  4 Pagesarrangement of environments for people. Contemporary garden design tends to focus on scale as opposed to formal landscape designs that are based on axial relationships. It also foregoes the more classic landscape design forms and larger scale from Greek, Roman, and classical architecture traditions. This design motif became popular in the 1950 s baby boom, particularly in California where weather and lifestyle was very conducive to this innovative style. In modern landscape design, boundaries between

Business Correspondence Free Essays

Report: Preposition (Manila Paper, 1nch font) Portfolio in BCTRW(Old Magazine) 1st Page:A Prayer from my Heart (5 sentences) 2nd Page:Importance of Correspondence in my Everyday Life †¢Introduction †¢Importance †¢Conclusion(must be connected to introduction) Correspondence a : the agreement of things with one another b : a particular similarity c : a relation between sets in which each member of one set is associated with one or more members of the other — compare function 5a 2 a : communication by letters; also : the letters exchanged : the news, information, or opinion contributed by a correspondent to a newspaper or periodical Examples of CORRESPONDENCE 1. They communicated by telephone and correspondence. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Correspondence or any similar topic only for you Order Now E-mail correspondence has become extremely important for modern businesses. 3. The two men began a correspondence that would continue throughout their lives. 4. A book of the author’s personal correspondence was published early last year. 5. A formal tone is always used in business correspondence. . Note the correspondence of each number to a location on the map. 7. Sometimes there is little correspondence between the way a word is spelled and the way it is pronounced in English. 8. Sometimes there are few correspondences between spelling and pronunciation. Is business correspondence still essential in this age of computerization? Yes, it is. Business correspondence is still the principal means used by a business firm to keep in touch with its customers. Is business correspondence still essential in this age of computerization ? Yes, it is. Business correspondence is still the principal means used by a business firm to keep in touch with its customers. What are the principles of good business letter ? A good business letter should have five qualities : (a) conciseness; (b) clarity; (c) completeness; (d) correctness; and (e) courtesy. What about the language of a business letter ? Well, just write simply, in an easy and natural way just like you talk with your friends. So, I have to make my business letters sound like a good conversation ? That’s right. To write a business letter is just â€Å"to hold a conversation† by post. By the way, what are the rules of good writing ? In fact, there are a lot of rules to be followed if you want to write good letters. But we may summarize them as follows : 1. Think first of the reader and address yourself to his interests. Tell him or her all he or she wants to know and don’t leave him to guess between the lines. 2. Adopt a tone suited to the occasion and the purpose of the letter 3. Write naturally, as you would talk, using plain and familiar words. 4. Write clearly and to the point. Don’t beat about the bush. Please keep in mind that the most essential point in all business writing is exactness expressed in language that is absolutely clear. 5. Write courteously and make your letter sound friendly and sincere. 6. Avoid wordiness. 7. Avoid commercial jargon. 8. Write effectively. 9. Avoid monotony by introducing variety. 10. Write to a plan if your letter is long or specially important. 11. Pay special attention to the opening and closing paragraphs first and last impressions leave a special mark on the reader. 12. Check your letters before you send them. How to cite Business Correspondence, Essay examples

Investigation of Photosynthetic Pigments in Spinach Essay Example

Investigation of Photosynthetic Pigments in Spinach Paper Investigation of Photosynthetic Pigments in Spinach Michael Yacoub BIOL211 Lori Hayes Introduction: Purpose: To demonstrate the existence of the pigments of photosynthesis in spinach by separating them using chromatography, then measure them using spectrometry. There are multiple pigments in photosynthesis, the varying pigments allow the plant to absorb light at various wavelengths which allows the plant to derive energy from photons from most, if not all, light available in that region it grows in. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation of Photosynthetic Pigments in Spinach specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation of Photosynthetic Pigments in Spinach specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation of Photosynthetic Pigments in Spinach specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this lab there were a variety of pigments that were looked at, they included, chlorophylls, carotenes, nd xanthophylls. Chlorophylls are any of the few green pigments associated with certain bacterial membranes that are responsible for trapping light for energy in photosynthesis. Carotenes can be red, orange, or yellow lipid pigments and is often found as an accessory pigment in photosynthesis. Xanthophylls are yellow or orange pigment also usually found as an accessory pigment in photosynthesis. Although, these are not quite clear in the drawing shown below because they were hard to find in the provided samples, one can find these various pigments are found within the hloroplasts and more specifically within the thylakoid membrane within photosystems one and two. When testing to see what wavelengths are involved in the process of photosynthesis an action spectra was created; this is a graph that graphs the biological processes versus light wavelengths. An absorption spectrum however, is a graph of light absorption versus wavelength of light and allows one to see how much light is absorbed at each wavelength. This can also help show which pigments are present in the plant. In this lab an absorption spectra was created in order to elp identify the varying pigments present in the spinach leaf. Spectrophotometry at a specified wavelength. This experiment was testing the hypothesis that the wavelength shown through the pigment in solution will affect the amount of light absorbed by the solution. In specific, it was predicted that the darker the solution the greater the absorbance. Furthermore, various pigments will have higher absorbance values at specific wavelengths than other pigments at other wavelengths. There are two independent variables; the wavelengths of light shown through the pigments in olution, a quantitative variable, and the pigments in solution, a qualitative variable. There is only one dependent variable however and it is the absorbency measured, also a quantitative variable. Leaf Cross-section: Experiment: The procedure in the Biology 211: Majors Cellular Laboratory Manual was used as reference in the experiment. The experiment began with obtaining a piece of chromatography paper cut with 12 cm x 14 cm dimensions. Then a line 1. 5 cm from the bottom was made by rolling a penny over a spinach leaf, producing a 14 cm long green spinach line. Then, the chromatography paper was rolled into a cylinder and stapled to hold together; the line made by the spinach leaf was on the outside. Meanwhile, 20 mL of separation solvent was placed in a 600 mL beaker and the cylindrical chromatography paper was placed in it without having the solvent touch the green line and covered with plastic wrap. This set up was left alone to sit, vented by lifting up a corner of the plastic wrap, resealed and allowed to sit until the solvent line was approximately 1 cm from the end of the paper. Once the solvent line was bout 1 cm from the end of the paper it was removed from the solvent and allowed to dry. Then each section of pigment was cut as without including any other pigment. The instructor pooled all of the classes pigments and placed them in 80% acetone in separate beakers and sealed until all the color was eluted from the paper. One pigment in solution was given to individual lab groups and one group was given a solution that included all the pigments (pigment 5). Each group used spectrophotometry to measure the absorbance of each pigment starting with a avelength of 400 nm all the way to a wavelength of 710 nm with 10 nm increments; the 80% acetone was used as a blank and the machine was blanked every time the wavelength was changed. The absorbencies were recorded, the data was pooled and absorption spectrum was created. Our group was analyzing pigment E. Results: Figure 1 and Table 2 provide the collected chromatography data, the qualitative data was collected here. Table 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3 provide the spectrometry data. The quantitative data was collected here. Table: Shows conclusive evidence of peaks for pigment absorbance. Also the absorbance from the spinach leaf was included. Chromatography of Spinach Pigment # Pigment Color Distance Moved (mm) Rf Value Dark Green 11 0. 169 2 Light Green 28 0. 431 3 Light Yellow 0 0. 769 4 Dark Yellow 65 1. 00 Table: Shows different color of pigments as well as relative polarities in relation to the separation solvent. Figure : Shows the absorbance of Just the spinach leaf. Provides a comparison to pigments. Figure: Shows the relative peaks of absorbance for each pigment given the varying wavelength. Discussion: The hypothesis was proven to be correct, it was clear that different pigments were in the spinach leaf and each of those pigments was absorbing more light at specific wavelengths while having very low to no absorbance at other wavelengths- this can e seen in Figure 3, as well as Table 1. This is what helps the plant make use of as much light as possible in photosynthesis and not let anything go to waste. Pigments A, B, and C have two peaks while pigments D and E have only one peak in about the exact same spot. Something one can notice about the absorbance of the spinach leaf is that there is a range of wavelengths where there is very low absorbance. This definitely supported the proposed hypothesis because different pigments did have extremes, clearly showing that different pigments were better suited for varying wavelengths. The absorbances were so low at points because the pigments, Chlorophyll A, Chlorophyll B, Xanthophyll, and Carotene absorb the most light at different optimal wavelengths, so the absorbance would be low at times because it at a wavelength where the pigment would absorb the most light. Furthermore, this supports the hypothesis more simply because, in fact, the wavelength did affect the absorbance. Lastly, the darker solutions in fact did have higher absorbency peaks. This makes sense because Figure 2 models the spectra of Pigment A,B, and C in Figure 3. These pigments were the darker color which means they were most bundant in the spinach leaf. Therefore since these graphs model each other it would conclude that these were the major pigments. This also goes to define the concentrations of the pigments found in spinach. Pigment B since it closely modeled the spectra for Just spinach found in Figure 2, must be the major pigment component in spinach due to the fact that spinach is a combination of all the pigments that were isolated. Error that could be found in this lab probably is from misusage of the Spec-20. Mistakes such as not completely zeroing the machine occurred; this could esult in errors in the absorbance data. This could be fixed by getting better lab equipment. References: Biology 211 Majors Cellular Laboratory Manual Self Assessment: 1. I chose to use scatter-line plots. I chose this because I felt like it easily showed the peaks that I kept talking about. Also it showed the relation between the spinach and pigment absorption spectra well. 2. They are excellent. They have titles, the axes are labeled, and that have citations. 3. Excellent. I feel like I learned all the objectives for the lab, and I was able to effectively display the information.